Monday, November 15, 2010
Saturday, July 3, 2010
Characteristic of Protozoa in Activated Sludge Process
Group 1, 2 and 3 : Characterize of young sludge inside activated sludge processGroup 4: Characterize of mature sludge inside activated sludge process
For municipal wastewater treatment plants the most desirable stage of the ecological succession is the stage where both stalked ciliates and free swimming ciliates are observed with possibly a few rotifers. This stage is is correlated with rapid settling of solids and easy separation of solids from water. The resulting effluent is correspondingly low in turbidity, suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD).
Group 5: Characterize of old sludge
Predominating of rotifers and nematodes with fewer stalked ciliates.
Examples of group 4 protozoa: Vorticella and Epistylis
Wednesday, March 31, 2010
Floating Scum Skimmer
Material to construct floating skimmer ? Water engineers are likely focussing on studying density values of PE polymers .
UHMWPE is polyethylene with a molecular weight numbering in the millions, usually between 3.1 and 5.67 million. The high molecular weight makes it a very tough material, but results in less efficient packing of the chains into the crystal structure as evidenced by densities of less than high density polyethylene (for example, 0.930–0.935 g/cm3). UHMWPE can be made through any catalyst technology, although Ziegler catalysts are most common. Because of its outstanding toughness and its cut, wear and excellent chemical resistance, UHMWPE is used in a diverse range of applications. These include can and bottle handling machine parts, moving parts on weaving machines, bearings, gears, artificial joints, edge protection on ice rinks and butchers' chopping boards. It competes with Aramid in bulletproof vests, under the tradenames Spectra and Dyneema, and is commonly used for the construction of articular portions of implants used for hip and knee replacements.
HDPE is defined by a density of greater or equal to 0.941 g/cm3. HDPE has a low degree of branching and thus stronger intermolecular forces and tensile strength. HDPE can be produced by chromium/silica catalysts, Ziegler-Natta catalysts or metallocene catalysts. The lack of branching is ensured by an appropriate choice of catalyst (for example, chromium catalysts or Ziegler-Natta catalysts) and reaction conditions. HDPE is used in products and packaging such as milk jugs, detergent bottles, margarine tubs, garbage containers and water pipes.
PEX is a medium- to high-density polyethylene containing cross-link bonds introduced into the polymer structure, changing the thermoplast into an elastomer. The high-temperature properties of the polymer are improved, its flow is reduced and its chemical resistance is enhanced. PEX is used in some potable-water plumbing systems because tubes made of the material can be expanded to fit over a metal nipple and it will slowly return to its original shape, forming a permanent, water-tight, connection.
MDPE is defined by a density range of 0.926–0.940 g/cm3. MDPE can be produced by chromium/silica catalysts, Ziegler-Natta catalysts or metallocene catalysts. MDPE has good shock and drop resistance properties. It also is less notch sensitive than HDPE, stress cracking resistance is better than HDPE. MDPE is typically used in gas pipes and fittings, sacks, shrink film, packaging film, carrier bags and screw closures.
LLDPE is defined by a density range of 0.915–0.925 g/cm3. LLDPE is a substantially linear polymer with significant numbers of short branches, commonly made by copolymerization of ethylene with short-chain alpha-olefins (for example, 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene). LLDPE has higher tensile strength than LDPE, it exhibits higher impact and puncture resistance than LDPE. Lower thickness (gauge) films can be blown, compared with LDPE, with better environmental stress cracking resistance but is not as easy to process. LLDPE is used in packaging, particularly film for bags and sheets. Lower thickness may be used compared to LDPE. Cable covering, toys, lids, buckets, containers and pipe. While other applications are available, LLDPE is used predominantly in film applications due to its toughness, flexibility and relative transparency.
LDPE is defined by a density range of 0.910–0.940 g/cm3. LDPE has a high degree of short and long chain branching, which means that the chains do not pack into the crystal structure as well. It has, therefore, less strong intermolecular forces as the instantaneous-dipole induced-dipole attraction is less. This results in a lower tensile strength and increased ductility. LDPE is created by free radical polymerization. The high degree of branching with long chains gives molten LDPE unique and desirable flow properties. LDPE is used for both rigid containers and plastic film applications such as plastic bags and film wrap.
VLDPE is defined by a density range of 0.880–0.915 g/cm3. VLDPE is a substantially linear polymer with high levels of short-chain branches, commonly made by copolymerization of ethylene with short-chain alpha-olefins (for example, 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene). VLDPE is most commonly produced using metallocene catalysts due to the greater co-monomer incorporation exhibited by these catalysts. VLDPEs are used for hose and tubing, ice and frozen food bags, food packaging and stretch wrap as well as impact modifiers when blended with other polymers.
Recently much research activity has focused on the nature and distribution of long chain branches in polyethylene. In HDPE a relatively small number of these branches, perhaps 1 in 100 or 1,000 branches per backbone carbon, can significantly affect the rheological properties of the polymer.
Water which is denser than HPDE , will cause HPDE to float on water surface , thus floating scum will be collected to floating skimmer system.
UHMWPE is polyethylene with a molecular weight numbering in the millions, usually between 3.1 and 5.67 million. The high molecular weight makes it a very tough material, but results in less efficient packing of the chains into the crystal structure as evidenced by densities of less than high density polyethylene (for example, 0.930–0.935 g/cm3). UHMWPE can be made through any catalyst technology, although Ziegler catalysts are most common. Because of its outstanding toughness and its cut, wear and excellent chemical resistance, UHMWPE is used in a diverse range of applications. These include can and bottle handling machine parts, moving parts on weaving machines, bearings, gears, artificial joints, edge protection on ice rinks and butchers' chopping boards. It competes with Aramid in bulletproof vests, under the tradenames Spectra and Dyneema, and is commonly used for the construction of articular portions of implants used for hip and knee replacements.
HDPE is defined by a density of greater or equal to 0.941 g/cm3. HDPE has a low degree of branching and thus stronger intermolecular forces and tensile strength. HDPE can be produced by chromium/silica catalysts, Ziegler-Natta catalysts or metallocene catalysts. The lack of branching is ensured by an appropriate choice of catalyst (for example, chromium catalysts or Ziegler-Natta catalysts) and reaction conditions. HDPE is used in products and packaging such as milk jugs, detergent bottles, margarine tubs, garbage containers and water pipes.
PEX is a medium- to high-density polyethylene containing cross-link bonds introduced into the polymer structure, changing the thermoplast into an elastomer. The high-temperature properties of the polymer are improved, its flow is reduced and its chemical resistance is enhanced. PEX is used in some potable-water plumbing systems because tubes made of the material can be expanded to fit over a metal nipple and it will slowly return to its original shape, forming a permanent, water-tight, connection.
MDPE is defined by a density range of 0.926–0.940 g/cm3. MDPE can be produced by chromium/silica catalysts, Ziegler-Natta catalysts or metallocene catalysts. MDPE has good shock and drop resistance properties. It also is less notch sensitive than HDPE, stress cracking resistance is better than HDPE. MDPE is typically used in gas pipes and fittings, sacks, shrink film, packaging film, carrier bags and screw closures.
LLDPE is defined by a density range of 0.915–0.925 g/cm3. LLDPE is a substantially linear polymer with significant numbers of short branches, commonly made by copolymerization of ethylene with short-chain alpha-olefins (for example, 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene). LLDPE has higher tensile strength than LDPE, it exhibits higher impact and puncture resistance than LDPE. Lower thickness (gauge) films can be blown, compared with LDPE, with better environmental stress cracking resistance but is not as easy to process. LLDPE is used in packaging, particularly film for bags and sheets. Lower thickness may be used compared to LDPE. Cable covering, toys, lids, buckets, containers and pipe. While other applications are available, LLDPE is used predominantly in film applications due to its toughness, flexibility and relative transparency.
LDPE is defined by a density range of 0.910–0.940 g/cm3. LDPE has a high degree of short and long chain branching, which means that the chains do not pack into the crystal structure as well. It has, therefore, less strong intermolecular forces as the instantaneous-dipole induced-dipole attraction is less. This results in a lower tensile strength and increased ductility. LDPE is created by free radical polymerization. The high degree of branching with long chains gives molten LDPE unique and desirable flow properties. LDPE is used for both rigid containers and plastic film applications such as plastic bags and film wrap.
VLDPE is defined by a density range of 0.880–0.915 g/cm3. VLDPE is a substantially linear polymer with high levels of short-chain branches, commonly made by copolymerization of ethylene with short-chain alpha-olefins (for example, 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene). VLDPE is most commonly produced using metallocene catalysts due to the greater co-monomer incorporation exhibited by these catalysts. VLDPEs are used for hose and tubing, ice and frozen food bags, food packaging and stretch wrap as well as impact modifiers when blended with other polymers.
Recently much research activity has focused on the nature and distribution of long chain branches in polyethylene. In HDPE a relatively small number of these branches, perhaps 1 in 100 or 1,000 branches per backbone carbon, can significantly affect the rheological properties of the polymer.
Water which is denser than HPDE , will cause HPDE to float on water surface , thus floating scum will be collected to floating skimmer system.
Saturday, March 20, 2010
Water Resources Planning and Development
Water resource assessment for sustainable development and management
Kuala Lumpur, like other States in Malaysia, remains concerned over a possible water shortage in the near future in view of unevenly distributed rainfall and growing pressure on water supplies for domestic and industrial purposes. To overcome the problem in Kuala Lumpur, interbasin or interstate water transfers are expected to become an increasingly common feature of water resources development planning.
Kuala Lumpur is relatively small in geographical terms, and city developments are often small but intensive. Thus there are likely to be many development projects for which EIAs will not be mandatory simply because the relevant gazetted definitions are generally defined by area. It would therefore be prudent to apply the EIA procedure to all development in Kuala Lumpur, especially those in identified or listed environmentally sensitive areas.
Under the Seventh Malaysia Plan (1996-2000) a new national study will be undertaken to identify potential water resources, carry out feasibility studies of water resources development projects and formulate a long-term national master plan with an integrated approach to the development and management of those resources. The study will assess the quality and quantity of water in all States, including Kuala Lumpur, for domestic, industrial, irrigation, hydropower and other uses for the years 2000 to 2050. The results of the study are expected to enable the government to plan an overall priority programme for phased development of the recommended water resources projects.
Meanwhile, various prudent strategies and development programmes are being undertaken in Kuala Lumpur, including:
The control and reduction of non-revenue water through the rehabilitation and upgrading of existing water distribution systems;
The rehabilitation and upgrading of existing water treatment plants;
Improvement of systems supplying water to existing industrial areas.
In addition, under the Seventh Malaysia Plan, a continuing effort is being made to ensure that the development of water supplies is sustainable and balanced. For Kuala Lumpur/Selangor, two programmes with a capital investment cost of M$ 560 million have been proposed.
The current programme for rehabilitating and upgrading water supply systems, which is being further expanded under the current plan period, is to:
Restore the production capacities of water treatment plants to their original designed capacities and, where feasible and economical, increase that capacity through modifications or additions of treatment processes using appropriate modern technology;
Overcome any defects in design, construction, operation and maintenance, in order to improve the capacity, quality and reliability of treatment plants;
Reduce pollution of the environment;
Enable energy efficient operation of raw and treated water pumping equipment;
Incorporate any other modifications in order to reduce the cost of production and increase the overall performance of treatment plants;
Rehabilitate and upgrade existing distribution systems.
Kuala Lumpur, like other States in Malaysia, remains concerned over a possible water shortage in the near future in view of unevenly distributed rainfall and growing pressure on water supplies for domestic and industrial purposes. To overcome the problem in Kuala Lumpur, interbasin or interstate water transfers are expected to become an increasingly common feature of water resources development planning.
Kuala Lumpur is relatively small in geographical terms, and city developments are often small but intensive. Thus there are likely to be many development projects for which EIAs will not be mandatory simply because the relevant gazetted definitions are generally defined by area. It would therefore be prudent to apply the EIA procedure to all development in Kuala Lumpur, especially those in identified or listed environmentally sensitive areas.
Under the Seventh Malaysia Plan (1996-2000) a new national study will be undertaken to identify potential water resources, carry out feasibility studies of water resources development projects and formulate a long-term national master plan with an integrated approach to the development and management of those resources. The study will assess the quality and quantity of water in all States, including Kuala Lumpur, for domestic, industrial, irrigation, hydropower and other uses for the years 2000 to 2050. The results of the study are expected to enable the government to plan an overall priority programme for phased development of the recommended water resources projects.
Meanwhile, various prudent strategies and development programmes are being undertaken in Kuala Lumpur, including:
The control and reduction of non-revenue water through the rehabilitation and upgrading of existing water distribution systems;
The rehabilitation and upgrading of existing water treatment plants;
Improvement of systems supplying water to existing industrial areas.
In addition, under the Seventh Malaysia Plan, a continuing effort is being made to ensure that the development of water supplies is sustainable and balanced. For Kuala Lumpur/Selangor, two programmes with a capital investment cost of M$ 560 million have been proposed.
The current programme for rehabilitating and upgrading water supply systems, which is being further expanded under the current plan period, is to:
Restore the production capacities of water treatment plants to their original designed capacities and, where feasible and economical, increase that capacity through modifications or additions of treatment processes using appropriate modern technology;
Overcome any defects in design, construction, operation and maintenance, in order to improve the capacity, quality and reliability of treatment plants;
Reduce pollution of the environment;
Enable energy efficient operation of raw and treated water pumping equipment;
Incorporate any other modifications in order to reduce the cost of production and increase the overall performance of treatment plants;
Rehabilitate and upgrade existing distribution systems.
Tuesday, March 16, 2010
River in Petaling Jaya, Selangor
There are many river in Petaling Jaya. Most popular is River Klang (Sg. Klang). People also noted that there are two river which continuously undergo monitoring programme which are River Penchala (Sg. Penchala) and River Klang. Popular rivers in Petaling Jaya are:
"Save our reserve water"
- Sg. Buloh
- Sg. Damansara
- Sg. Gasi
- Sg. Kayu Ara
- Sg. Kelang
- Sg. Klang
- Sg. Kuyoh
- Sg. Penchala
- Sg. Rumput
- Sg. Tembul
Saturday, February 20, 2010
Friday, January 15, 2010
Environmental Laws
Source of Environmental Law
- Legislation (federal, state, local)
- Regulations (federal, state, local)
- Court Desicions (interpreting statues and regulations)
- Common Law
- Constitutions (United States, state)
- International Treaties
- Foreign Regulations
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